Structuralist psychology is most often associated with Wilhelm Wundt , who was famous for founding the very first lab devoted to experimental psychology and is generally considered the father of modern psychology. Was Wundt really the founder of this early school of thought? While Wundt is often listed as the founder of structuralism, he never actually used the term.
Instead, Wundt referred to his ideas as voluntarism. Titchener , who invented the term structuralism. Though Titchener is usually the one credited with the establishment of structuralism and bringing the ideas to America, the ideas started with Wundt.
Titchener actually changed much of what Wundt taught. Wundt believed that the mind could be broken down into structures by classifying conscious experiences into small parts that could be analyzed, similar to other sciences. Titchener decided to scrap Wundt's brand of psychological study because conscious experiences aren't as easy to control in an experiment as behavior is. Rather than focusing on obtaining quantitative measurements, Titchener prioritized observation and analysis.
Titchener took Wundt's experimental technique, known as introspection , and used it to focus on the structures of the human mind. Anything that could not be investigated using this technique, Titchener believed, was not in the domain of psychology. Titchener believed that the use of introspection, which utilized observers who had been rigorously trained to analyze their feelings and sensations when shown a simple stimulus, could be used to discover the structures of the mind.
He spent the bulk of his career devoted to this task. For approximately 20 years, Titchener dominated American psychology. He was also extremely prolific, publishing books and papers during his lifetime.
He trained a number of influential psychologists, supervising the doctoral work of nearly 60 students including Margaret Floy Washburn and Edwin G. He maintained a powerful hold on American psychology during his lifetime and contributed to psychology becoming a respected branch of the sciences, but his influence began to wane following his death.
Structuralism may have enjoyed a brief period of dominance in psychology, but the school of thought essentially died out following the death of its founder.
It did, however, lead to the development of other movements, including functionalism , behaviorism , and Gestalt psychology. Ever wonder what your personality type means? Sign up to find out more in our Healthy Mind newsletter. Important Post-Structuralists. The main critique of structuralism was its focus on introspection as the method by which to gain an understanding of conscious experience.
Critics argue that self-analysis was not feasible, since introspective students cannot appreciate the processes or mechanisms of their own mental processes. Post-structuralism is a late-twentieth-century development in philosophy and literary theory, particularly associated with the work of Jacques Derrida and his followers. Post-structuralism means to go beyond the structuralism of theories that imply a rigid inner logic to relationships that describe any aspect of social reality, whether in language Ferdinand de Saussure or, more recently, Noam Chomsky or in economics orthodox Marxism, neoclassicalism, or Keynesianism.
Though post-structuralists all present different critiques of structuralism, common themes among them include the rejection of the self-sufficiency of structuralism, as well as an interrogation of the binary oppositions that constitute its structures.
The movie, Memento, is an interesting example of cinematic post-structuralism. Neisser was a brilliant synthesizer of diverse thoughts and findings. He was an elegant, clear, and persuasive writer.
Servulo Langenbrunner Reviewer. When did structuralism emerge? Structuralism is widely regarded to have its origins in the work of the Swiss linguistic theorist Ferdinand de Saussure - in the early 20th Century, but it soon came to be applied to many other fields, including philosophy, anthropology, psychoanalysis, sociology, literary theory and even mathematics. Prisco Alcedo Reviewer. What are schools of psychology? Functionalism : William James. Psychoanalytic school : Sigmund Freud.
Systems psychology : Gregory Bateson, Felix Guattari. Leopold Guthmann Reviewer. What are the four foundational concepts of structuralism? The four foundational concepts were:. Every system has a structure. The structure determines the position of each element of a whole. Structures are the "real things" that lie beneath the surface or the appearance of meaning.
Levani Galacho Reviewer. What are the 5 major schools of thought in psychology? The following are some of the major schools of thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology:. Structuralism and Functionalism: Early Schools of Thought.
Gestalt Psychology. The Behaviorist School of Thought in Psychology. The Psychoanalytic School of Thought. The Humanistic School of Thought. Azan Jaud Supporter. What event marked the founding of structuralism? Wihlem Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in Germany in This event marked the beginning of modern experimental psychology. Edward Titchener founded structuralism. This school used introspection to investigate the basic parts of the conscious mind.
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